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Omadacycline (Omad), a new tetracycline (Tet)-class broad-spectrum aminomethylcycline, has been reported to exhibit excellent potency against Gram-positive bacteria, including  Staphylococcus aureus  and Enterococci. The aim of this study was to evaluate the  in vitro  activity and heteroresistance characteristics of Omad in clinical  S. aureus  isolates from China and investigate Omad resistance mechanisms. A sample of 263 non-duplicate clinical  S. aureus  isolates [127 methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and 136 methicillin-sensitive (MSSA)] were collected retrospectively. Our data indicated that Omad exhibited excellent  in vitro  activity against both MRSA and MSSA. Omad heteroresistance frequencies were 3.17% (4/126) in MRSA and 12.78% (17/133) in MSSA. No mutations in Tet target sites, (five 16SrRNA copies and 30S ribosomal protein S10) were present in heteroresistance-derived clones, whereas Tet target site mutations contribute to induced Omad resistance in  S. aureus in vitro . RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed that overexpression of branched-chain amino acid transport system II carrier protein and Na/Pi cotransporter family protein contributes to Omad heteroresistance emergence. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the genetic mutation of fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP) could increase the Omad MIC. In conclusion, Omad heteroresistance risk should be considered in clinical isolates with MICs ≥ 0.5 mg/L and Omad susceptibility in  S. aureus  may be affected by efflux pump proteins (i.e., a branched-chain amino acid transport system II carrier protein and an Na/Pi cotransporter family protein), and FnBP.

frontiers in microbiology

In vitro Activity and Heteroresistance of Omadacycline Against Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates From China Reveal the Impact of Omadacycline Susceptibility by Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transport System II Carrier Protein, Na/Pi Cotransporter Family Protein, and Fibronectin-Binding Protein