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The family  Enterobacteriaceae  is a taxonomically diverse and widely distributed family containing many human commensal and pathogenic species that are known to carry transferable antibiotic resistance determinants. Characterization of novel taxa within this family is of great importance in order to understand the associated health risk and provide better treatment options. The aim of the present study was to characterize a Gram-negative bacterial strain (CCUG 66741) belonging to the family  Enterobacteriaceae , isolated from a wound infection of an adult patient, in Sweden. Initial phenotypic and genotypic analyses identified the strain as a member of the family  Enterobacteriaceae  but could not assign it to any previously described species. The complete 16S rRNA gene sequence showed highest similarity (98.8%) to four species. Whole genome sequencing followed by  in silico  DNA-DNA similarity analysis and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis confirmed that strain CCUG 66741 represents a novel taxon. Sequence comparisons of six house-keeping genes (16S rRNA,  atpD ,  dnaJ, gyrB ,  infB ,  rpoB ) with those of the type strains of the type species of related genera within the family  Enterobacteriaceae  indicated that the strain embodies a novel species within the family. Phylogenomic analyses (ANI-based and core genome-based phylogeny) showed that strain CCUG 66741 forms a distinct clade, representing a novel species of a distinct, new genus within the family  Enterobacteriaceae , for which the name  Scandinavium goeteborgense  gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with CCUG 66741 T  as the type strain (= CECT 9823 T  = NCTC 14286 T ).  S. goeteborgense  CCUG 66741 T  carries a novel variant of a chromosomally-encoded quinolone resistance gene (proposed  qnrB96 ). When expressed in  Escherichia coli , the  qnrB96  gene conferred five-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration against ciprofloxacin. This study highlights the importance and the utility of whole genome sequencing for pathogen identification in clinical settings.

frontiers in microbiology

Scandinavium goeteborgense gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Member of the Family Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From a Wound Infection, Carries a Novel Quinolone Resistance Gene Variant