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Staphylococcus aureus  is a commensal colonizer of both humans and animals, but also an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a multitude of diseases. In recent years, colonization of pigs by methicillin resistant  S. aureus  has become a problem with increasing numbers of humans being infected by livestock strains. In  S. aureus  colonization and virulence factor expression is controlled by the  agr  quorum sensing system, which responds to and is activated by self-generated, autoinducing peptides (AIPs). AIPs are also produced by coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) commonly found as commensals in both humans and animals, and interestingly, some of these inhibit  S. aureus agr  activity. Here, we have addressed if cross-communication occurs between  S. aureus  and CoNS strains isolated from pig nares, and if so, how properties such as host factor binding and biofilm formation are affected. From 25 pig nasal swabs we obtained 54 staphylococcal CoNS isolates belonging to 8 different species. Of these, none were able to induce  S. aureus agr  as monitored by reporter gene fusions to  agr  regulated genes but a number of  agr -inhibiting species were identified including  Staphylococcus hyicus ,  Staphylococcus simulans ,  Staphylococcus arlettae ,  Staphylococcus lentus , and  Staphylococcus chromogenes . After establishing that the inhibitory activity was mediated via AgrC, the receptor of AIPs, we synthesized selective AIPs to explore their effect on adhesion of  S. aureus  to fibronectin, a host factor involved in  S. aureus  colonization. Here, we found that the CoNS AIPs did not affect adhesion of  S. aureus  except for strain 8325-4. When individual CoNS strains were co-cultured together with  S. aureus  we observed variable degrees of biofilm formation which did not correlate with  agr  interactions. Our results show that multiple CoNS species can be isolated from pig nares and that the majority of these produce AIPs that inhibit  S. aureus agr . Further they show that the consequences of the interactions between CoNS and  S. aureus  are complex and highly strain dependent.

Effect of Co-inhabiting Coagulase Negative Staphylococci on S. aureus agr Quorum Sensing, Host Factor Binding, and Biofilm Formation