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In paddy soil, bacteria from the family  Geobacteraceae  have been shown to strongly contribute to the biogeochemical cycle. However, no  Geobacteraceae  species with validly published names have been isolated from paddy soil. In this study, we isolated and characterized four novel ferric reducing bacteria in the family  Geobacteraceae  from the paddy soils of three different fields in Japan. The four strains, S43 T , Red53 T , S62 T , and Red111 T , were Gram-stain negative, strictly anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic, and motile with peritrichous flagella. Phylogenetic studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, five concatenated housekeeping genes ( fusA ,  rpoB ,  recA ,  nifD , and  gyrB ) and 92 concatenated core genes revealed that the four strains belong to the family  Geobacteraceae  and are most closely related to  Geobacter bemidjiensis  Bem T  (97.4–98.2%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities) and  Geobacter bremensis  Dfr1 T  (97.1–98.0%). Genomic analysis with average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (GGDC) calculations clearly distinguished the four isolated strains from other species of the family  Geobacteraceae  and indicated that strains S43 T , Red53 T , S62 T , and Red111 T  represent independent species, with values below the thresholds for species delineation. Chemotaxonomic characteristics, including major fatty acid and whole cell protein profiles, showed differences among the isolates and their closest relatives, which were consistent with the results of DNA fingerprints and physiological characterization. Additionally, each of the four isolates shared a low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (92.4%) and average amino acid identity (AAI) with the type strain of the type species  Geobacter metallireducens . Overall, strains S43 T , Red53 T , S62 T , and Red111 T  represent four novel species, which we propose to classify in a novel genus of the family  Geobacteraceae , and the names  Geomonas oryzae  gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain S43 T ),  Geomonas edaphica  sp. nov. (type strain Red53 T ),  Geomonas ferrireducens  sp. nov. (type strain S62 T ), and  Geomonas terrae  sp. nov. (type strain Red111 T ) are proposed. Based on phylogenetic and genomic analyses, we also propose the reclassification of  Geobacter bremensis  as  Geomonas bremensis  comb. nov.,  Geobacter pelophilus  as  Geomonas pelophila  comb. nov., and  Geobacter bemidjiensis  as  Geomonas bemidjiensis  comb. nov.

frontiers in microbiology

Geomonas oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., Geomonas edaphica sp. nov., Geomonas ferrireducens sp. nov., Geomonas terrae sp. nov., Four Ferric-Reducing Bacteria Isolated From Paddy Soil, and Reclassification of Three Species of the Genus Geobacter as Members of the Genus Geomonas gen. nov.