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HsCCO and RbCCO from  Herbaspirillum seropedicae  and  Rhodobacteraceae bacterium  were selected and characterized from five putative bacterial carotenoid cleavage oxygenase gene sequences, due to merits in expression solubility and catalytic properties. Both enzymes can convert 4-vinylguaiacol and isoeugenol to vanillin. HsCCO showed maximum activity at 40°C and pH 7.0 and was stable at pH 6.5–10 and temperature around 25°C, retaining over 90 and 80% of initial activity, respectively. RbCCO showed maximum activity at 35°C and pH 9.0 and was stable at pH 6–11 and temperatures of 25–30°C, retaining over 80% of initial activity. The kinetic constants  K   m   of HsCCO for isoeugenol and 4-vinylguaiacol were 1.55 and 1.65 mM and  V   max   were 74.09 and 27.91 nmol min –1  mg –1 , respectively. The kinetic constants  K   m   of RbCCO for isoeugenol and 4-vinylguaiacol were 2.24 and 0.85 mM and  V   max   were 76.48 and 19.96 nmol min –1  mg –1 , respectively. The transformed  Escherichia coli  cells harboring  HsCCO  converted isoeugenol and 4-vinylguaiacol at molar conversion yields of 80 and 55% and the maximum vanillin concentrations were up to 1.22 and 0.84 g L –1 , respectively. Comparably, the molar conversion yields of the transformed  E. coli  cells harboring  RbCCO  against isoeugenol 4-vinylguaiacol were 75 and 58%, and the maximum vanillin yields were up to 1.14 and 0.88 g L –1 , respectively.

frontiers in microbiology

Expression and Characterization of Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases From Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Rhodobacteraceae bacterium Capable of Biotransforming Isoeugenol and 4-Vinylguaiacol to Vanillin