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Arsenic is a toxic element widely distributed in nature, but numerous bacteria are able to resist its toxicity mainly through the  ars  genes encoding an arsenate reductase and an arsenite efflux pump. Some “arsenotrophic” bacteria are also able to use arsenite as energy supplier during autotrophic growth by coupling anaerobic arsenite oxidation  via  the  arx  gene products to nitrate respiration or photosynthesis. Here, we have demonstrated that  Azoarcus  sp. CIB, a facultative anaerobic β-proteobacterium, is able to resist arsenic oxyanions both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Genome mining, gene expression, and mutagenesis studies revealed the presence of a genomic island that harbors the  ars  and  arx  clusters involved in arsenic resistance in strain CIB. Orthologous  ars  clusters are widely distributed in the genomes of sequenced  Azoarcus  strains. Interestingly, genetic and metabolic approaches showed that the  arx  cluster of the CIB strain encodes an anaerobic arsenite oxidase also involved in the use of arsenite as energy source. Hence,  Azoarcus  sp. CIB represents the prototype of an obligate heterotrophic bacterium able to use arsenite as an extra-energy source for anaerobic cell growth. The arsenic island of strain CIB supports the notion that metabolic and energetic skills can be gained by genetic mobile elements.

ArxA From Azoarcus sp. CIB, an Anaerobic Arsenite Oxidase From an Obligate Heterotrophic and Mesophilic Bacterium