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Salicornia bigelovii  is a promising halophytic crop for saline soils in semi-arid regions. This study was designed to characterize isolates of endophytic actinobacteria from  S. bigelovii  roots and evaluate the effects associated with plant growth promotion. Twenty-eight endophytic isolates obtained from surface-sterilized roots of  S. bigelovii  were initially selected based on their production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase  in vitro  in a chemically defined medium. Application of  Micromonospora chalcea  UAE1, possessing the highest ACC deaminase activity, to  S. bigelovii  seedlings significantly enhanced the plant growth under gnotobiotic and greenhouse conditions. This was clear from the increases in the dry weight and length of both shoot and root, and seed yield compared to the non-ACC deaminase-producing isolate  Streptomyces violaceorectus , or control treatment. The growth promotion was also supported by significant increases in the content of photosynthetic pigments and the levels of auxins, but significant decreases in the levels of ACC  in planta . Under greenhouse conditions,  M. chalcea  recovered from inside the inoculated roots in all samplings (up to 12 weeks post inoculation), suggesting that the roots of healthy  S. bigelovii  are a suitable habitat for the endophytic actinobacterial isolates. Pure cultures of  M. chalcea  were not capable of producing auxins, gibberellic acid, cytokinins or polyamines  in vitro . This indicates that the growth promotion is most likely to be due to the reduction of the endogenous levels of the stress hormone ethylene. Our findings suggest that growth and yields of  S. bigelovii  can be enhanced by the field application of the endophyte  M. chalcea  UAE1. This study is the first to report potential endophytic non-streptomycete actinobacteria to promote the growth of halophytic plants in semi-arid zones under greenhouse conditions.

frontiers in microbiology

Growth Promotion of Salicornia bigelovii by Micromonospora chalcea UAE1, an Endophytic 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Deaminase-Producing Actinobacterial Isolate