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The complete and efficient utilization of both glucose and xylose is necessary for the economically viable production of biofuels and chemicals using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Although recently obtained recombinant  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  strains metabolize xylose well when xylose is the sole carbon source in the medium (henceforth referred to as “X stage”), their xylose consumption rate is significantly reduced during the xylose-only consumption phase of glucose-xylose co-fermentation (“GX stage”). This post-glucose effect seriously decreases overall fermentation efficiency. We showed in previous work that  THI2  deletion can alleviate this post-glucose effect, but the underlying mechanisms were ill-defined. In the present study, we profiled the transcriptome of a  thi2 Δ strain growing at the GX stage. Thi2p in GX stage cells regulates genes involved in the cell cycle, stress tolerance, and cell viability. Importantly, the regulation of Thi2p differs from a previous regulatory network that functions when glucose is the sole carbon source, which suggests that the function of Thi2p depends on the carbon source. Modeling research seeking to optimize metabolic engineering via TFs should account for this important carbon source difference. Building on our initial study, we confirmed that several identified factors did indeed increase fermentation efficiency. Specifically, overexpressing  STT4, RGI2 , and  TFC3  increases specific xylose utilization rate of the strain by 36.9, 29.7, 42.8%, respectively, in the GX stage of anaerobic fermentation. Our study thus illustrates a promising strategy for the rational engineering of yeast for lignocellulosic ethanol production.

A Thi2p Regulatory Network Controls the Post-glucose Effect of Xylose Utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae