English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Bifidobacterium  is frequently detected in early childhood caries and white spot lesions, indicating that it is a novel caries-associated bacterium.  Bifidobacterium  is known to possess a unique metabolic pathway, the “bifid shunt,” which might give it cariogenic potential by increasing its acid production. Thus, we evaluated the acid-producing activity of  Bifidobacterium  and its sensitivity to fluoride, a caries preventive reagent.  Bifidobacterium longum ,  Bifidobacterium dentium , and  Streptococcus mutans  were used. Acid-producing activity was measured using a pH-stat in the absence and presence of fluoride under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of fluoride. The acid production of  Bifidobacterium  at pH 5.5 was as high as that seen at pH 7.0, indicating that  Bifidobacterium  has high cariogenic potential, although it produced less acid than  S. mutans . In addition,  Bifidobacterium  produced acid in the absence of extracellular carbohydrates, suggesting that it can store intracellular polysaccharides.  Bifidobacterium  produced more acid from lactose than from glucose.  Bifidobacterium  mainly produced acetate, whereas  S. mutans  mainly produced lactate. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of fluoride for acid production was 6.0–14.2 times higher in  Bifidobacterium  than in  S. mutans . Fluoride inhibited enolase in the glycolysis, resulting in the intracellular accumulation of 3-phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose 6-phosphate, and erythrose 4-phosphate. However, the bifid shunt provides a bypass pathway that can be used to produce acetate, suggesting that  Bifidobacterium  is able to metabolize carbohydrates in the presence of fluoride. It is suggested that its exclusive acetate production contributes to the pathogenesis of dental caries.

Acidogenic Potential of Oral Bifidobacterium and Its High Fluoride Tolerance