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Species of the Epsilonproteobacteria genera  Arcobacter, Campylobacter , and  Helicobacter  are commonly associated with vertebrate hosts and some are considered significant pathogens. Vertebrate-associated Epsilonproteobacteria are often considered to be largely confined to endothermic mammals and birds. Recent studies have shown that ectothermic reptiles display a distinct and largely unique Epsilonproteobacteria community, including taxa which can cause disease in humans. Several  Arcobacter  taxa are widespread amongst reptiles and often show a broad host range. Reptiles carry a large diversity of unique and novel  Helicobacter  taxa, which apparently evolved in an ectothermic host. Some species, such as  Campylobacter fetus , display a distinct intraspecies host dichotomy, with genetically divergent lineages occurring either in mammals or reptiles. These taxa can provide valuable insights in host adaptation and co-evolution between symbiont and host. Here, we present an overview of the biodiversity, ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of reptile-associated Epsilonproteobacteria from a broader vertebrate host perspective.

Living in Cold Blood: Arcobacter, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter in Reptiles