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Fusarium oxysporum  f. sp.  cubense  ( Foc ) has severely curtailed banana production in the tropical regions of the world. The tropical race 4 (TR4) of  Foc  was detected in Australia in the 1990s and it is virulent to all Cavendish type banana cultivars, which represents the majority of banana production in Australia. Genetic resistance to  Foc  race 4 is urgently needed. To characterize sources of resistance, we have assessed the  Foc  resistance response of 34  Musa  cultivars with plants grown under controlled settings. Amongst diploid banana cultivars carrying the AA genome, resistance is found in  Musa acuminata  sub-species including  malaccensis  ‘Pahang’ and  burmannica  ‘Calcutta4.’ In the polyploid group, the hybrids such as ‘FHIA-18’ and ‘FHIA-25’ are highly resistant against both  Foc -TR4 and subtropical race 4 ( Foc -STR4). Interestingly, ‘FHIA-2’ and ‘CAM020’ appear to be resistant to  Foc -TR4 but susceptible to  Foc -STR4, suggesting potential differences in the resistance mechanisms against the different race 4 strains. Using a GFP tagged  Foc -STR4 strain challenged onto both resistant and susceptible  M. a. malaccensis  lines, a high inoculum dosage rapidly induced vascular wilt in the susceptible  M. a. malaccensis  lines at 2.5 weeks. This was associated with an accumulation of micro-conidia in the rhizome and the movement of the fungus through the xylem vessels. In contrast, the fungal movement was restrained in the rhizome of the resistant  M. a. malaccensis  lines and no sporulation was observed. Overall, this research suggests that the resistance response is dependent to an extent on inoculum dosage and that the plant host’s response, in the rhizome, plays an important role in inhibiting the fungus from spreading to the rest of the plant. Identifying race 4 resistant accessions can help to understand mechanisms of resistance and provide banana breeders with the genetic resources to integrate resistance genes into commercial varieties.

Assessing Variations in Host Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f sp. cubense Race 4 in Musa Species, With a Focus on the Subtropical Race 4