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Streptococcus canis  is an animal pathogen which occasionally causes infections in humans. The  S. canis  M-like protein (SCM) encoded by the  scm  gene, is its best characterized virulence factor but previous studies suggested it could be absent in a substantial fraction of isolates. We studied the distribution and variability of the  scm  gene in 188  S. canis  isolates recovered from companion animals ( n  = 152), wild animal species ( n  = 20), and humans ( n  = 14). Multilocus sequence typing, including the first characterization of wildlife isolates, showed that the same lineages are present in all animal hosts, raising the possibility of extensive circulation between species. Whole-genome analysis revealed that  emm -like genes found previously in  S. canis  correspond to divergent  scm  genes, indicating that what was previously believed to correspond to two genes is in fact the same  scm  locus. We designed primers allowing for the first time the successful amplification of the  scm  gene in all isolates. Analysis of the  scm  sequences identified 12 distinct types, which could be divided into two clusters: group I (76%,  n  = 142) and group II (24%,  n  = 46) sharing little sequence similarity. The predicted group I SCM showed extensive similarity with each other outside of the  N -terminal hypervariable region and a conserved IgG binding domain. This domain was absent from group II SCM variants found in isolates previously thought to lack the  scm  gene, which also showed greater amino acid variability. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the possible host interacting partners of the group II SCM variants and their role in virulence.

Streptococcus canis Are a Single Population Infecting Multiple Animal Hosts Despite the Diversity of the Universally Present M-Like Protein SCM