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Numerous reforestation projects have been conducted to improve soil fertility in degraded forests, often causing alterations to the soil microbial communities. However, it remains unclear whether microbial functional groups are affected and how these groups correlate with an increase in the nutrient contents during reforestation. We investigated the abundance and composition of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) by quantifying and sequencing the marker gene  nifH  in bulk soils from five reforestation approaches, including legumes and non-legumes, in subtropical China. The relationships between diazotrophic community attributes and soil nitrogen (N) content [NO 3  − , NH 4  + , and microbial biomass N (MBN)] were examined under various approaches. Abundance of diazotrophs was highest in the native tree plantation ( Schima  spp. and  Michelia macclurei ) and  Acacia mangium  monoculture (AM), and lowest in the  Pinus massoniana  monoculture. The diazotrophic abundance correlated positively with soil organic matter and water content while there was a negative correlation to pH. The composition of diazotrophic community differed significantly among the five reforestation approaches examined and was closely correlated with variations in soil pH, NH 4  +  and water content. Diazotrophic community composition was closely related to soil NH 4  +  content, whereas abundance was not. The AM contained higher NH 4  + , NO 3  −  and MBN contents than the other reforestation approaches, which may be associated with the indicator species of diazotrophs ( Actinobacteria ,  Proteobacteria , and  Firmicutes ). However, there were more indicator species of  Proteobacteria  in the mixed  Acacia  plantation ( Acacia mangium  and  Acacia crassicarpa ) than in AM, which might have contributed to the remarkedly lower N content compared to AM. Overall, the soil N content under reforestation appeared to be more related to the composition of diazotroph community than to the abundance of diazotrophs.

frontiers in microbiology

The Composition of Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms Correlates With Soil Nitrogen Content During Reforestation: A Comparison Between Legume and Non-legume Plantations