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Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide, with highest incidence reported on tropical islands. Recent investigations carried out in a One-Health framework have revealed a wide diversity of pathogenic  Leptospira  lineages on the different islands of Western Indian Ocean carried out by a large diversity of mammal reservoirs, including domestic and wild fauna. Using golden Syrian hamsters as a model of acute infection, we studied the virulence of  Leptospira interrogans, L. mayottensis,  and  L. borgpetersenii  isolates obtained from rats, tenrecs, and bats, respectively. Hamsters were inoculated with 2.10 8  bacterial cells and monitored for 1 month. The  L. interrogans  isolate proved to be the most pathogenic while  L. mayottensis  and  L. borgpetersenii  isolates induced no clinical symptoms in the infected hamsters. High leptospiral DNA amounts were also detected in the urine and organs of hamsters infected with the  L. interrogans  isolate while  L. mayottensis  and  L. borgpetersenii  isolates mostly failed to disseminate into the organism. In addition, histological damage was more pronounced in the kidneys and lungs of hamsters infected with the  L. interrogans  isolate. Altogether, these data support that  Leptospira  strains shed by mammals endemic to this insular ecosystem ( L. mayottensis  and  L. borgpetersenii  isolates) are less pathogenic than the  L. interrogans  rat-borne isolate. These results may provide a relevant framework for understanding the contrasting epidemiology of human leptospirosis observed among Western Indian Ocean islands.

Three Leptospira Strains From Western Indian Ocean Wildlife Show Highly Distinct Virulence Phenotypes Through Hamster Experimental Infection