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Pseudomonas aeruginosa  causes infections in patients with compromised epithelial barrier function. Multiple virulence factors produced by  P. aeruginosa  are controlled by quorum sensing (QS)  via  2-alkyl-4(1 H )-quinolone (AQ) signal molecules. Here, we investigated the impact of AQs on  P. aeruginosa  PAO1 infection of differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). The  pqsA-E  operon is responsible for the biosynthesis of AQs including the 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolones, 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines, and 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinoline  N -oxides as exemplified by pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (HHQ), and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline  N -oxide (HQNO), respectively. PQS and HHQ both act as QS signal molecules while HQNO is a cytochrome inhibitor. PqsE contributes both to AQ biosynthesis and promotes virulence in a PQS-independent manner. Our results show that PQS, HHQ, and HQNO were produced during PAO1 infection of HBECs, but no differences in growth or cytotoxicity were apparent when PAO1 and an AQ-negative Δ pqsA  mutant were compared. Both strains promoted synthesis of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17C by HBECs, and the provision of exogenous PQS negatively impacted on this response without affecting bacterial growth. Expression of  pqsE  and the PQS-independent PqsE-regulated genes  mexG  and  lecA  was detected during HBEC infection. Levels were reduced in the Δ pqsA  mutant, that is, in the absence of PQS, and increased by exogenous PQS. These results support an AQ-independent role for PqsE during initial infection of HBEC by  P. aeruginosa  and for PQS as an enhancer of PqsE and PqsE-controlled virulence determinants and as an immunomodulator.

Contribution of the Alkylquinolone Quorum-Sensing System to the Interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa With Bronchial Epithelial Cells