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Enterobacteriaceae , including  Escherichia coli , has been shown to acquire the colistin resistance gene  mcr-1 . A strain of  E. coli , EC11, which is resistant to colistin, polymyxin B and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, was isolated in 2016 from the feces of a dairy cow in Shanghai, China. Strain EC11 identifies with sequence type ST278 and is susceptible to 19 frequently used antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing of strain EC11 showed that this strain contains a 31-kb resistance plasmid, pEC11b, which belongs to the IncX4 group. The  mcr-1  gene was shown to be inserted into a 2.6-kb  mcr-1 - pap2  cassette of pEC11b. Plasmid pEC11b also contained putative conjugal transfer components, including an  oriT -like region, relaxase, type IV coupling protein, and type IV secretion system. We were successful in transferring pEC11b to  E. coli  C600 with an average transconjugation efficiency of 4.6 × 10 -5 . Additionally, a MLST-based analysis comparing EC11 and other reported  mcr -positive  E. coli  populations showed high genotypic diversity. The discovery of the  E. coli  strain EC11 with resistance to colistin in Shanghai emphasizes the importance of vigilance in detecting new threats like  mcr  genes to public health. Detection of  mcr  genes helps in tracking, slowing, and responding to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Chinese livestock farming.

A mcr-1-Carrying Conjugative IncX4 Plasmid in Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli ST278 Strain Isolated From Dairy Cow Feces in Shanghai, China