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Fusarium  is a complex genus of ascomycete fungi that consists of plant pathogens of agricultural relevance. Controlling  Fusarium  infection in crops that leads to substantial yield losses is challenging. These economic losses along with environmental and human health concerns over the usage of chemicals in attaining disease control are shifting focus toward the use of biocontrol agents for effective control of phytopathogenic  Fusarium  spp. In the present study, an analysis of the plant-growth promoting (PGP) and biocontrol attributes of four bacilli ( Bacillus simplex  30N-5,  B. simplex  11,  B. simplex  237, and  B. subtilis  30VD-1) has been conducted. The production of cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, and chitinase in functional assays was studied, followed by  in silico  gene analysis of the PGP-related and biocontrol-associated genes. Of all the bacilli included in this study,  B. subtilis  30VD-1 (30VD-1) demonstrated the most effective antagonism against  Fusarium  spp. under  in vitro  conditions. Additionally, 100 μg/ml of the crude 1-butanol extract of 30VD-1’s cell-free culture filtrate caused about 40% inhibition in radial growth of  Fusarium  spp. Pea seed bacterization with 30VD-1 led to considerable reduction in wilt severity in plants with about 35% increase in dry plant biomass over uninoculated plants growing in  Fusarium -infested soil. Phase contrast microscopy demonstrated distortions and abnormal swellings in  F. oxysporum  hyphae on co-culturing with 30VD-1. The results suggest a multivariate mode of antagonism of 30VD-1 against phytopathogenic  Fusarium  spp., by producing chitinase, volatiles, and other antifungal molecules, the characterization of which is underway.

Antifungal Activity of Bacillus Species Against Fusarium and Analysis of the Potential Mechanisms Used in Biocontrol