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Tomato bacterial canker disease, caused by  Clavibacter michiganensis  subsp.  michiganensis  ( Cmm ) is a destructive disease and has been a serious concern for tomato industries worldwide. Previously, a rhizosphere isolated strain of  Pseudomonas sp.  23S showed antagonistic activity toward  Cmm in vitro . This  Pseudomonas sp . 23S was characterized to explore the potential of this bacterium for its use in agriculture.  Pseudomonas sp . 23S possesses ability to solubilize inorganic phosphorus, and to produce siderophores, indole acetic acid, and hydrogen cyanide. The strain also showed antagonistic activity against  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  tomato  DC 3000. A plant assay indicated that  Pseudomonas sp . 23S could promote growth of tomato seedlings. The potential of treating tomato plants with  Pseudomonas sp.  23S to reduce the severity of tomato bacterial canker by inducing systemic resistance (ISR) was investigated using well characterized marker genes such as  PR1a  [salicylic acid (SA)],  PI2  [jasmonic acid (JA)], and  ACO  [ethylene (ET)]. Two-week-old tomato plants were treated with  Pseudomonas sp.  23S by soil drench, and  Cmm  was inoculated into the stem by needle injection on 3, 5, or 7 days post drench. The results indicated that plants treated with  Pseudomonas sp . 23S, 5 days prior to  Cmm  inoculation significantly delayed the progression of the disease. These plants, after 3 weeks from the date of  Cmm  inoculation, had significantly higher dry shoot and root weight, higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaf tissue, and the number of  Cmm  population in the stem was significantly lower for the plants treated with  Pseudomonas sp.  23S. From the real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the treatment with  Pseudomonas sp.  23S alone was found to trigger a significant increase in the level of  PR1a  transcripts in tomato plants. When the plants were treated with  Pseudomonas sp.  23S and inoculated with  Cmm , the level of  PR1a  and  ACO  transcripts were increased, and this response was faster and greater as compared to plants inoculated with  Cmm  but not treated with  Pseudomonas sp.  23S. Overall, the results suggested the involvement of SA signaling pathways for ISR induced by  Pseudomonas sp.  23S.

frontiers in microbiology

Biocontrol Rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. 23S Induces Systemic Resistance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Against Bacterial Canker Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis