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Annexins (ANXs) are widely expressed and structurally related proteins which play multiple biological roles in animals, plants, and fungi. Although ANXs have been localized to the cytosol and the cell membrane and the molecular basis of the four annexin repeats is well established, the  in vivo  roles of these proteins are still far from clear, particularly with regard to the filamentous fungi.  Thermomyces lanuginosus , a thermophilic fungus, is widely used in the fermentation industry; however, the role of  ANX  in this organism is unknown. In this study, a single  ANX  homologue ( ANXC7 ) was identified and characterized in  T. lanuginosus . The expression pattern indicated that  ANXC7  is closely associated to conidium development, and it accumulated in the mitochondria of the forming conidia. The deletion of  ANXC7  ( ΔANXC7 ) resulted in no obvious phenotype related to colony growth on solid CM medium. However, when  ΔANXC7  was grown in CM liquid culture, the mycelium masses appeared to be larger and looser compared to the wild-type. Additionally, the dry weight of the mutant mycelia was significantly increased. Under conditions that compromise cell-wall integrity,  ΔANXC7  was less vulnerable than the wild-type with regard to such damage. Moreover, based on a surface hydrophobicity test, the  ΔANXC7  strain was clearly less hydrophobic. The growth of  ΔANXC7  was inhibited when grown under selected stress conditions, particularly with regard to salt stress; however, the oxidative resistance to exogenous H 2 O 2  in  ΔANXC7  was increased, and endogenous H 2 O 2  levels within the  ΔANXC7  were lower than in the wild-type, thereby suggesting that the  ANXC7  specifically controls oxidative resistance. Based on microscopic observation, 4-day-conidia were more prevalent than 5-day conidia on the conidiophore stalk of  ΔANXC7 , even though the  ΔANXC7  demonstrated an increased production of conidia during these days, indicating precocious conidial maturation and shedding from the conidiophore stalk in this strain. Taken together, our data indicate that  ANXC7  localizes to the mitochondria and is involved in controlling conidium development and oxidative resistance in  T. lanuginosus .

frontiers in microbiology

ANXC7 Is a Mitochondrion-Localized Annexin Involved in Controlling Conidium Development and Oxidative Resistance in the Thermophilic Fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus