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Nutrient inputs to forest ecosystems significantly influence aboveground plant community structure and ecosystem functioning. However, our knowledge of the influence of nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) inputs on belowground microbial communities in subtropical forests is still unclear. In this study, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Illumina Miseq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to investigate bacterial abundance, diversity, and community composition in a Chinese fir plantation. The fertilization regimes were as follows: untreated control (CK), P amendment (P), N amendment (N), and N with P amendment (NP). Additions of N decreased soil pH and bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance by 3.95 (from 4.69 to 3.95) and 3.95 × 10 9  copies g −1  dry soil (from 9.27 × 10 9  to 3.95 × 10 9  g −1  dry soil), respectively. Bacterial richness and diversity decreased with N addition (N and NP) rather than only P input.  Proteobacteria ,  Acidobacteria , and  Actinobacteria  were the major phylum across all treatments. Nitrogen addition increased the relative abundance of  Proteobacteria  and  Actinobacteria  by 42.0 and 10.5%, respectively, while it reduced that of  Acidobacteria  by 26.5%. Bacterial community structure in the CK and P treatments was different from that in the N and NP treatments upon principle coordinates analysis. Phosphorus addition did not significantly affect soil bacterial communities, and no interactions between N and P inputs on microbial traits were observed. Soil pH and mineral N availability appeared to have a cooperative effect on bacterial abundance and community structure, with soil pH being the key influencing factor by canonical correspondence analysis. These results indicate that inorganic N rather than P fertilization affected both bacterial abundance and community composition in subtropical forests.

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Inputs on Soil Bacterial Abundance, Diversity, and Community Composition in Chinese Fir Plantations