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White mold or stem rot disease are ubiquitously distributed throughout the world and the causal organism of this disease  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  (Lib.) de Bary, is known to infect over 400 plant species. Sclerotinia stem rot is one of the most devastating fungal diseases and poses a serious threat to the worldwide cultivation of oilseed  Brassica  including India.  S. sclerotiorum  pathogen usually infects the stem but in severe cases leaves and pods also affected at different developmental stages that deteriorate not only the oil quality but also causing the seed and oil yield losses up to 90% depending on the severity of the disease infestation. This study investigated the morphological and molecular characterization of pathogenic  S. sclerotiorum  (Lib) de Bary geographical isolates from oilseed  Brassica  including  Brassica juncea  (Indian mustard). The aim of this study was to compare isolates of  S. sclerotiorum  originated from different agro-climatic conditions and to analyse similarity or differences between them as well as to examine the virulence of this pathogen specifically in  Brassica  for the first time. The collection of  S. sclerotiorum  isolates from symptomatic  Brassica  plants was done and analyzed for morphological features, and molecular characterization. The virulence evaluation test of 65 isolates on four  Brassica  cultivars has shown 5 of them were highly virulent, 46 were virulent and 14 were moderately virulent. Phylogenetic analysis encompassing all the morphological features, SSR polymorphism, and ITS sequencing has shown the existence of high genetic diversity among the isolates that categorized all the isolates in three evolutionary lineages in the derived dendrogram. Further, genetic variability analysis based on sequences variation in ITS region of all the isolates has shown the existence of either insertions or deletions of the nucleotides in the ITS region has led to the interspecies variability and observed the variation were in a clade-specific manner. Together this analysis observed the existence of higher heterogeneity and genetic variability in  S. sclerotiorum  isolates collection and indicates the presence of clonal and sexual progenies of the pathogen in the mustard growing regions of India surveyed in this study. With a higher level of genetic variability and diversity among the  S. sclerotiorum  population needs robust screening approaches to identify the donor parent and utilize them in resistance breeding program for effectively counter the menace of stem rot disease in  Brassica .

frontiers in microbiology

Genetic Diversity Studies Based on Morphological Variability, Pathogenicity and Molecular Phylogeny of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Population From Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)