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Fifteen antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and  intI1 , a gene involved in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, were quantified in three different soil samples from a 22 year old field experiment that had received inorganic fertilizer (NPK), organic manure (OM; a mixture of wheat straw, soybean oil cake and cotton cake), and control fields that had received no fertilizer and manure (CK).  Tet (L) was the most abundant ARG in OM, which also contained considerable levels of  intI1 . Molecular analysis of yearly collected archived soils over the past 22 years showed that  tet (L) and  intI1  were higher in OM soils than in NPK soils. The relative abundance of  tet (L) was essentially constant during these years, while the level of  intI1  in OM soils decreased over time. The main genotype of  tet (L) was the same in archived and in fresh soil, OM, and irrigation water. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes of tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) isolates indicated that the  Firmucutes  carrying  tet (L) in OM were similar to those in the OM soil, suggesting that OM transferred TRB into the OM soils where they survived. Almost all of the TRB isolated from OM carried  tet (L) and belonged to the  Firmicutes . Survival of bacteria from the organic manure that carried  tet (L) may be the cause of the increased level of  tet (L) in OM soil.

Enrichment of the Antibiotic Resistance Gene tet(L) in an Alkaline Soil Fertilized With Plant Derived Organic Manure