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Dieback caused by the fungus  Lasiodiplodia theobromae  is an important disease on mango plantations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this study, 53 actinobacterial isolates were obtained from mango rhizosphere soil in the UAE, of which 35 (66%) were classified as streptomycetes (SA) and 18 (34%) as non-streptomycetes (NSA). Among these isolates, 19 (12 SA and 7 NSA) showed antagonistic activities against  L. theobromae  associated with either the production of diffusible antifungal metabolites, extracellular cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), or both. Using a “novel” mango fruit bioassay, all isolates were screened  in vivo  for their abilities to reduce lesion severity on fruits inoculated with  L. theobromae . Three isolates, two belonging to  Streptomyces  and one to  Micromonospora  spp., showed the strongest inhibitory effect against this pathogen  in vitro  and were therefore selected for tests on mango seedlings. Our results revealed that the antifungal action of  S. samsunensis  UAE1 was related to antibiosis, and the production of CWDEs (i.e., chitinase) and siderophores; whilst  S. cavourensis  UAE1 and  M. tulbaghiae  UAE1 were considered to be associated with antibiotic- and CWDE-production, respectively. Pre-inoculation in greenhouse experiments with the most promising actinobacterial isolates resulted in very high levels of disease protection in mango seedlings subsequently inoculated with the pathogen. This was evident by the dramatic reduction in the estimated disease severity indices of the mango dieback of individual biocontrol agent (BCA) applications compared with the pathogen alone, confirming their potential in the management of mango dieback disease.  L. theobromae -infected mango seedlings treated with  S. samsunensis  showed significantly reduced number of defoliated leaves and conidia counts of  L. theobromae  by 2- and 4-fold, respectively, in comparison to the other two BCA applications. This indicates that the synergistic antifungal effects of  S. samsunensis  using multiple modes of action retarded the  in planta  invasion of  L. theobromae . This is the first report of BCA effects against  L. theobromae  on mango seedlings by microbial antagonists. It is also the first report of actinobacteria naturally existing in the soils of the UAE or elsewhere that show the ability to suppress the mango dieback disease.

frontiers in microbiology

Biological Control of Mango Dieback Disease Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae Using Streptomycete and Non-streptomycete Actinobacteria in the United Arab Emirates