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Organic vinasse, a residue produced during bioethanol production, increases nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions when applied with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer in soil. The present study investigated the role of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) community on the N 2 O emissions in soils amended with organic vinasse (CV: concentrated and V: non-concentrated) plus inorganic N fertilizer. Soil samples and N 2 O emissions were evaluated at 11, 19, and 45 days after fertilizer application, and the bacterial and archaea gene ( amo A) encoding the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme, bacterial denitrifier ( nir K,  nir S, and  nos Z) genes and total bacteria were quantified by real time PCR. We also employed a deep  amo A amplicon sequencing approach to evaluate the effect of treatment on the community structure and diversity of the soil AOB community. Both vinasse types applied with inorganic N application increased the total N 2 O emissions and the abundance of AOB.  Nitrosospira  sp. was the dominant AOB in the soil and was correlated with N 2 O emissions. However, the diversity and the community structure of AOB did not change with vinasse and inorganic N fertilizer amendment. The results highlight the importance of residues and fertilizer management in sustainable agriculture and can be used as a reference and an input tool to determine good management practices for organic fertilization.

Nitrosospira sp. Govern Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Tropical Soil Amended With Residues of Bioenergy Crop