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Post-translational modifications of chromatin structure by histone acetyltransferase (HATs) play a central role in the regulation of gene expression and various biological processes in eukaryotes. Although HAT genes have been studied in many fungi, few of them have been functionally characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized four putative HATs ( FgGCN5, FgRTT109, FgSAS2, FgSAS3 ) in the plant pathogenic ascomycete  Fusarium graminearum , the causal agent of  Fusarium  head blight of wheat and barley. We replaced the genes and all mutant strains showed reduced growth of  F. graminearum . The Δ FgSAS3  and Δ FgGCN5  mutant increased sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stresses. Additionally, Δ FgSAS3  showed reduced conidia sporulation and perithecium formation. Mutant Δ FgGCN5  was unable to generate any conidia and lost its ability to form perithecia. Our data showed also that  FgSAS3  and  FgGCN5  are pathogenicity factors required for infecting wheat heads as well as tomato fruits. Importantly, almost no Deoxynivalenol (DON) was produced either in Δ FgSAS3  or Δ FgGCN5  mutants, which was consistent with a significant downregulation of TRI genes expression. Furthermore, we discovered for the first time that  FgSAS3  is indispensable for the acetylation of histone site H3K4, while  FgGCN5  is essential for the acetylation of H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27. H3K14 can be completely acetylated when  FgSAS3  and  FgGCN5  were both present. The RNA-seq analyses of the two mutant strains provide insight into their functions in development and metabolism. Results from this study clarify the functional divergence of HATs in  F. graminearum , and may provide novel targeted strategies to control secondary metabolite expression and infections of  F. graminearum .

The Fusarium graminearum Histone Acetyltransferases Are Important for Morphogenesis, DON Biosynthesis, and Pathogenicity