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The LhrC family of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) is known to be induced when the foodborne pathogen  Listeria monocytogenes  is exposed to infection-relevant conditions, such as human blood. Here we demonstrate that excess heme, the core component of hemoglobin in blood, leads to a strong induction of the LhrC family members LhrC1–5. The heme-dependent activation of  lhrC1–5  relies on the response regulator LisR, which is known to play a role in virulence and stress tolerance. Importantly, our studies revealed that LhrC1–5 and LisR contribute to the adaptation of  L. monocytogenes  to excess heme. Regarding the regulatory function of the sRNAs, we demonstrate that LhrC1–5 act to down-regulate the expression of known LhrC target genes under heme-rich conditions:  oppA ,  tcsA,  and  lapB , encoding surface exposed proteins with virulence functions. These genes were originally identified as targets for LhrC-mediated control under cell envelope stress conditions, suggesting a link between the response to heme toxicity and cell envelope stress in  L. monocytogenes . We also investigated the role of LhrC1–5 in controlling the expression of genes involved in heme uptake and utilization:  lmo2186  and  lmo2185 , encoding the heme-binding proteins Hbp1 and Hbp2, respectively, and  lmo0484 , encoding a heme oxygenase-like protein. Using  in vitro  binding assays, we demonstrated that the LhrC family member LhrC4 interacts with mRNAs encoded from  lmo2186 ,  lmo2185,  and  lmo0484 . For  lmo0484 , we furthermore show that LhrC4 uses a CU-rich loop for basepairing to the AG-rich Shine–Dalgarno region of the mRNA. The presence of a link between the response to heme toxicity and cell envelope stress was further underlined by the observation that LhrC1–5 down-regulate the expression of  lmo0484  in response to the cell wall-acting antibiotic cefuroxime. Collectively, this study suggests a role for the LisR-regulated sRNAs LhrC1–5 in a coordinated response to excess heme and cell envelope stress in  L. monocytogenes .

The Small Regulatory RNAs LhrC1–5 Contribute to the Response of Listeria monocytogenes to Heme Toxicity