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Nitrification plays a crucial role in global nitrogen cycling and treatment processes. However, the relationships between the nitrifier guilds of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) are still poorly understood, especially in freshwater habitats. This study examined the physiological interactions between the AOB and NOB present in a freshwater aquarium biofilter by culturing them, either together or separately, in a synthetic medium. Metagenomic and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence and the draft genomes of  Nitrosomonas -like AOB as well as  Nitrobacter -like NOB in the cultures, including the first draft genome of  Nitrobacter vulgaris . The nitrifiers exhibited different growth rates with different ammonium (NH 4  + ) or nitrite concentrations (50–1,500 μM) and the growth rates were elevated under a high bicarbonate (HCO 3  - ) concentration. The half-saturation constant ( K  s  for NH 4  + ), the maximum growth rate (μ max ), and the lag duration indicated a strong dependence on the synergistic relationships between the two guilds. Overall, the ecophysiological and metagenomic results in this study provided insights into the phylogeny of the key nitrifying players in a freshwater biofilter and showed that interactions between the two nitrifying guilds in a microbial community enhanced nitrification.

frontiers in microbiology

Physiological and Metagenomic Characterizations of the Synergistic Relationships between Ammonia- and Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria in Freshwater Nitrification