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Recently, the number of reports on isolation of ciprofloxacin resistant  Campylobacter jejuni  has increased worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin and its genetic determinants among  C. jejuni  isolated from humans ( n  = 100), poultry products ( n  = 96) and wild birds ( n  = 96) in Lithuania. 91.4% of the  C. jejuni  isolates were phenotypically resistant to ciprofloxacin. DNA sequence analyses of the  gyrA  gene from 292 isolates revealed that a change in amino acid sequence, Thr86Ile, was the main substition conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin. This change was significantly associated with isolates from poultry products ( P  < 0.05) and humans ( P  < 0.05). A total of 26.7% of  C. jejuni  isolates from human ( n  = 47), poultry products ( n  = 30) and wild bird ( n  = 1), had a mutation from Ser at position 22, and six had an additional mutation from Ala at position 39. Eight isolates from poultry and two isolates from human, corresponding to 67.0% of isolates with MICs ≥128 μg/ml, showed missense mutations Thr86Ile (ACA → ATA) and Ser22Gly (AGT → GGT) together, whereas isolates without these mutations showed lower MIC values (from 4 to 64 μg/ml). Two hundred forty-five  C. jejuni  isolates showed one or more silent mutations, and 32.4% of examined isolates possessed six silent mutations. In addition to the ciprofloxacin resistant isolates harboring only Thr86Ile point mutation (110 isolates), the current study identified resistant isolates ( n  = 101) harboring additional point mutations (Ser22Gly, Ala39Ser, Arg48Lys, Thr85Ala Ala122Ser, Glu136Asp, Vall49Ile), and strains ( n  = 57) having only Glu136Asp point mutation. The study highlight the potential public health problem with elevated ciprofloxacin resistance in  Campylobacters  from poultry meat, wild birds and humans, and the need for extensive surveillance enabling to follow changes of antimicrobial resistance development in this species.

Prevalence of Genetic Determinants and Phenotypic Resistance to Ciprofloxacin in Campylobacter jejuni from Lithuania