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In light of public concerns over the use of pesticides and antibiotics in plant protection and the subsequent selection for spread of resistant bacteria in the environment, it is inevitable to broaden our knowledge about viable alternatives, such as natural antagonists and their mode of action. The genus  Pseudomonas  is known for its metabolic versatility and genetic plasticity, encompassing pathogens as well as antagonists. We characterized strain  Pseudomonas orientalis  F9, an isolate from apple flowers in a Swiss orchard, and determined its antagonistic activity against several phytopathogenic bacteria, in particular  Erwinia amylovora , the causal agent of fire blight.  P. orientalis  F9 displayed antagonistic activity against a broad suite of phytopathogenic bacteria in the  in vitro  tests. The promising results from this analysis led to an  ex vivo  assay with  E. amylovora  CFBP1430 Rif  and  P. orientalis  F9 infected detached apple flowers. F9 diminished the fire blight pathogen in the flowers but also revealed phytotoxic traits. The experimental results were discussed in light of the complete genome sequence of F9, which revealed the strain to carry phenazine genes. Phenazines are known to contribute to antagonistic activity of bacterial strains against soil pathogens. When tested in the cress assay with  Pythium ultimum  as pathogen, F9 showed results comparable to the known antagonist  P. protegens  CHA0.

Pseudomonas orientalis F9: A Potent Antagonist against Phytopathogens with Phytotoxic Effect in the Apple Flower