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Cryptococcosis, one of the most important systemic mycosis in the world, is caused by different genotypes of  Cryptococcus neoformans  and  Cryptococcus gattii , which differ in their ecology, epidemiology, and antifungal susceptibility. Therefore, the search for new molecular markers for genotyping, pathogenicity and drug susceptibility is necessary. Group I introns fulfill the requisites for such task because (i) they are polymorphic sequences; (ii) their self-splicing is inhibited by some drugs; and (iii) their correct splicing under parasitic conditions is indispensable for pathogen survival. Here, we investigated the presence of group I introns in the mitochondrial  LSU rRNA  gene in 77  Cryptococcus  isolates and its possible relation to drug susceptibility. Sequencing revealed two new introns in the  LSU rRNA  gene. All the introns showed high sequence similarity to other mitochondrial introns from distinct fungi, supporting the hypothesis of an ancient non-allelic invasion. Intron presence was statistically associated with those genotypes reported to be less pathogenic ( p  < 0.001). Further virulence assays are needed to confirm this finding. In addition,  in vitro  antifungal tests indicated that the presence of  LSU rRNA  introns may influence the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. These findings point to group I introns in the mitochondrial genome of  Cryptococcus  as potential molecular markers for antifungal resistance, as well as therapeutic targets.

frontiers in microbiology

Polymorphism in Mitochondrial Group I Introns among Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Genotypes and Its Association with Drug Susceptibility