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Although bacteria play key roles in aquatic food webs and biogeochemical cycles, information on the seasonal succession of bacterial communities in lakes is still far from complete. Here, we report results of an integrative study on the successional trajectories of bacterial communities in a seasonally stratified lake with an anoxic hypolimnion. The bacterial community composition of epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion diverged during summer stratification and converged when the lake was mixed. In contrast, bacterial communities in the sediment remained relatively stable over the year. Phototrophic  Cyanobacteria  and heterotrophic  Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria  and  Planktomycetes  were abundant in the aerobic epilimnion,  Gammaproteobacteria  (mainly  Chromatiaceae ) dominated in the metalimnion, and  Chlorobi, Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria , and  Firmicutes  were abundant in the anoxic sulfidic hypolimnion. Anoxic but nonsulfidic conditions expanded to the surface layer during fall turnover, when the epilimnion, metalimnion and upper hypolimnion mixed. During this period, phototrophic sulfur bacteria ( Chromatiaceae  and  Chlorobi ) disappeared,  Polynucleobacter  ( Betaproteobacteria ) and  Methylobacter  ( Gammaproteobacteria ) spread out from the former meta- and hypolimnion to the surface layer, and  Epsilonproteobacteria  dominated in the bottom water layer.  Cyanobacteria  and  Planktomycetes  regained dominance in early spring, after the oxygen concentration was restored by winter mixing. In total, these results show large spatio-temporal changes in bacterial community composition, especially during transitions from oxic to anoxic and from sulfidic to nonsulfidic conditions.

Succession of Bacterial Communities in a Seasonally Stratified Lake with an Anoxic and Sulfidic Hypolimnion