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The aim of this study was to examine the presence of genes responsible for resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and the association of  qac  genes with class 1 integrons in  Proteus mirabilis  isolated from cooked meat products. A total of 52  P. mirabilis  isolates (29.2%) were detected from 178 samples, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of benzalkonium chloride (BC) ranged from 4 to >32 μg/mL. The isolates with BC MICs of 24 μg/mL were observed most frequently. PCR assays indicated that  mdfA, ydgE / ydgF, qacE, qacE Δ1,  emrE, sugE(c) , and  sugE(p)  were commonly present (32.7%–100%) in these isolates, but  qacH  was less prevalent (3.8%). Five groups of resistance gene cassettes were identified in 10  intI1 -positive isolates. An unusual gene cassette array  dfrA32 - ereA - aadA2  was found in one foodborne isolate of  P. mirabilis . Two isolates harbored  qacH - and  sul3 - associated non-classic integrons:  aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH- IS 440-sul3  and a new arrangement  dfrA32 - ereA1 - aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH- IS 440-sul3 , which is first reported in  P. mirabilis . Non-classic class 1 integrons were located on conjugative plasmids of 100 kb in two tested isolates. Our data showed that the QAC resistance genes were commonly present among  P. mirabilis  isolates from cooked meats and  qacH  was associated with non-classic class 1 integrons. The creation of transconjugants demonstrated that  qacH -associated non-classic class 1 integrons were located on conjugative plasmids and therefore could facilitate the co-dissemination of disinfectant and antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria, an increasing area of concern.

Examination of Quaternary Ammonium Compound Resistance in Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Cooked Meat Products in China