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Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer benefits to the host health. The infection rate of potentially pathogenic organisms such as  Candida albicans , the most common agent associated with mucosal candidiasis, can be reduced by probiotics. However, the mechanisms by which the probiotics interfere with the immune system are largely unknown. We evaluated the effect of probiotic bacteria on  C. albicans  challenged human macrophages. Macrophages were pretreated with lactobacilli alone ( Lactobacillus rhamnosus  LR32,  Lactobacillus casei  L324m, or  Lactobacillus acidophilus  NCFM) or associated with  Escherichia coli  lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by the challenge with  C. albicans  or LPS in a co-culture assay. The expression of pattern-recognition receptors genes ( CLE7A, TLR2 , and  TLR4 ) was determined by RT-qPCR, and dectin-1 reduced levels were confirmed by flow cytometry. The cytokine profile was determined by ELISA using the macrophage cell supernatant. Overall probiotic lactobacilli down-regulated the transcription of  CLEC7A  ( p  < 0.05), resulting in the decreased expression of dectin-1 on probiotic pretreated macrophages. The tested  Lactobacillus  species down-regulated  TLR4 , and increased  TLR2  mRNA levels in macrophages challenged with  C. albicans . The cytokines profile of macrophages challenged with  C. albicans  or LPS were altered by the probiotics, which generally led to increased levels of IL-10 and IL-1β, and reduction of IL-12 production by macrophages ( p  < 0.05). Our data suggest that probiotic lactobacilli impair the recognition of PAMPs by macrophages, and alter the production of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus modulating inflammation.

frontiers in microbiology

Probiotic Bacteria Alter Pattern-Recognition Receptor Expression and Cytokine Profile in a Human Macrophage Model Challenged with Candida albicans and Lipopolysaccharide