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Clostridium perfringens  is the causative pathogen of avian necrotic enteritis.  Lactobacillus  spp. are well-characterized probiotics with anti-microbial and immune-modulatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of  L. acidophilus  and  L. fermentum  on the growth, α-toxin production and inflammatory responses of  C. perfringens . In  in vitro  culture experiments, both lactobacilli inhibited the growth of  C. perfringens  ( P  < 0.01), accompanied with a decrease in pH ( P  < 0.01). Supernatants from lactobacilli cultures also suppressed the growth of  C. perfringens  during 24 h of incubation ( P  < 0.01), but this inhibitory effect disappeared after 48 h. Both lactobacilli decreased the α-toxin production of  C. perfringens  ( P  < 0.01) without influencing its biomass, and even degraded the established α-toxin ( P  < 0.01). Lower environmental pH reduced the α-toxin production as well ( P  < 0.01). Preincubation with  L. acidophilus  decreased the attachment of  C. perfringens  to cells ( P  < 0.01) with the cell cytotoxicity being unaffected. Both lactobacilli pretreatment reduced the up-regulation of proinflammatory factors, peptidoglycan (PGN) receptors and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in  C. perfringens -challenged chicken intestinal epithelial cells ( P  < 0.05). In conclusion,  L. acidophilus  and  L. fermentum  inhibited the pathological effects of  C. perfringens in vitro  conditions.

frontiers in microbiology

Two Lactobacillus Species Inhibit the Growth and α-Toxin Production of Clostridium perfringens and Induced Proinflammatory Factors in Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Vitro