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Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a severe shrimp disease originally shown to be caused by virulent strains of  Vibrio parahaemolyticus  (VP AHPND ). Rare cases of AHPND caused by  Vibrio  species other than  V. parahaemolyticus  were reported. We compared an AHPND-causing  V. campbellii  (VC AHPND ) and a VP AHPND  isolate from the same AHPND-affected pond. Both strains are positive for the virulence genes  pirAB   vp  . Immersion challenge test with  Litopenaeus vannamei  indicated the two strains possessed similar pathogenicity. Complete genome comparison showed that the  pirAB   vp  -bearing plasmids in the two strains were highly homologous, and they both shared high homologies with plasmid pVA1, the reported  pirAB   vp  -bearing plasmid. Conjugation and DNA-uptake genes were found on the pVA1-type plasmids and the host chromosomes, respectively, which may facilitate the dissemination of  pirAB   vp  . Novel variations likely driven by IS Val1  in the genetic contexts of the  pirAB   vp   genes were found in the two strains. Moreover, the VC AHPND  isolate additionally contains multiple antibiotic resistance genes, which may bring difficulties to control its future outbreak. The dissemination of the  pirAB   vp   in non- parahaemolyticus Vibrio  also rises the concern of missing detection in industrial settings since the isolation method currently used mainly targeting  V. parahaemolyticus . This study provides timely information for better understanding of the causes of AHPND and molecular epidemiology of  pirAB   vp   and also appeals for precautions to encounter the dissemination of the hazardous genes.

frontiers in microbiology

pirABvp-Bearing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio campbellii Pathogens Isolated from the Same AHPND-Affected Pond Possess Highly Similar Pathogenic Plasmids