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Gastrointestinal microbiota may play an important role in regulating host mucosal innate immune function. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that age (non-rumination, transition and rumination) and feeding type [Supplemental feeding (S) vs. Grazing (G)] could alter ruminal microbial diversity and maturation of host mucosal innate immune system in goat kids. MiSeq sequencing was applied to investigate ruminal microbial composition and diversity, and RT-PCR was used to test expression of immune-related genes in ruminal mucosa. Results showed that higher ( P  < 0.05) relative abundances of  Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Methanobrevibacter.gottschalkii, Neocallimastix, Anoplodinium–Diplodinium , and  Polyplastron , and lower relative abundance of  Methanosphaera  ( P  = 0.042) were detected in the rumen of S kids when compared to those in G kids. The expression of genes encoding  TLRs, IL1α, IL1β  and  TICAM2  was down-regulated ( P <  0.01), while expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins was up-regulated ( P <  0.05) in the ruminal mucosa of S kids when compared to that in G kids. Moreover, irrespective of feeding type, relative abundances of ruminal  Prevotella, Fibrobacter, Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, Methanobrevibacter, Neocallimastix , and  Entodinium  increased with age. The expression of most genes encoding  TLRs  and cytokines increased ( P <  0.05) from day 0 to 7, while expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins declined with age ( P <  0.05). This study revealed that the composition of each microbial domain changed as animals grew, and these changes might be associated with variations in host mucosal innate immune function. Moreover, supplementing goat kids with concentrate could modulate ruminal microbial composition, enhance barrier function and decrease local inflammation. The findings provide useful information in interpreting microbiota and host interactions, and developing nutritional strategies to improve the productivity and health of rumen during early life.

frontiers in microbiology

Shifts in Host Mucosal Innate Immune Function Are Associated with Ruminal Microbial Succession in Supplemental Feeding and Grazing Goats at Different Ages