English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Among phytohormones, cytokinins (CKs) play an important role in controlling crucial aspects of plant development. Not only plants but also diverse microorganisms are able to produce phytohormones, including CKs, though knowledge concerning their biosynthesis and metabolism is still limited. In this work we demonstrate that the fungus  Leptosphaeria maculans , a hemi-biotrophic pathogen of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ), causing one of the most damaging diseases of this crop, is able to modify the CK profile in infected  B. napus  tissues, as well as produce a wide range of CKs  in vitro , with the  cis -zeatin derivatives predominating. The endogenous CK spectrum of  L. maculans in vitro  consists mainly of free CK bases, as opposed to plants, where other CK forms are mostly more abundant. Using functional genomics, enzymatic and feeding assays with CK bases supplied to culture media, we show that  L. maculans  contains a functional: (i) isopentenyltransferase (IPT) involved in  c Z production; (ii) adenosine kinase (AK) involved in phosphorylation of CK ribosides to nucleotides; and (iii) CK-degradation enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX). Our data further indicate the presence of  cis – trans  isomerase, zeatin  O -glucosyltransferase(s) and  N  6 -(Δ 2 -isopentenyl)adenine hydroxylating enzyme. Besides, we report on a crucial role of LmAK for  L. maculans  fitness and virulence. Altogether, in this study we characterize in detail the CK metabolism of the filamentous fungi  L. maculans  and report its two novel components, the CKX and CK-related AK activities, according to our knowledge for the first time in the fungal kingdom. Based on these findings, we propose a model illustrating CK metabolism pathways in  L. maculans .

Cytokinin Metabolism of Pathogenic Fungus Leptosphaeria maculans Involves Isopentenyltransferase, Adenosine Kinase and Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase