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Aquilaria malaccensis  Lam, commonly known as Agarwood, is a highly valuable species used in production of agar oil from its infected wood, which is utilized in pharmaceutical and perfumery industry. Agar oil formation in agarwood takes years through the natural process which is induced by natural or artificial injury or microbial infection. The role of soil fungi and bacteria in artificial induction is still an unexplored area. In the present study, we isolated the fungal and bacterial community residing inside the stem of  A. malaccensis  tree and circumventing soil, samples collected from 21 different sites of the north-eastern state Assam of India and explored their potential in induction of Agarospirol (2-(6,10-Dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-2-yl)-2-propanol) production by artificially infecting the trees with these microorganisms. A total 340 fungi and 131 bacteria were isolated from 50 stem samples, and 188 fungi and 148 bacteria were isolated from 50 soil samples. Highest Shannon ( H ′ = 2.43) and Fisher (α = 5.57) diversity index was observed in the stem isolates. The dominant fungal genus was  Trichoderma  in stem with  Pi  value of 0.18; while in soil,  Aspergillus  showed dominance with  Pi  value 0.73. In bacteria,  Bacillus  genera showed dominance in both stem and soil samples with  Pi  = 0.62 and 0.51, respectively. Forty fungal and bacterial isolates were used to assess their potential to induce formation of agarwood in  A. malaccensis  by artificial infection method. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis confirmed development of Agarwood by the presence of Agarospirol compound in samples collected after 3 months of the artificial infection. Only 31% of bacterial and 23% of fungal isolates showed their ability in production of Agarospirol by artificial infection method. Bacteria  Pantoea dispersa  and fungi  Penicillium polonicum  showed the highest production in comparison to other isolates.

frontiers in microbiology

Fungal and Bacterial Diversity Isolated from Aquilaria malaccensis Tree and Soil, Induces Agarospirol Formation within 3 Months after Artificial Infection