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Enterococcus mundtii  strains isolated from the larval feces of the Mediterranean flour moth  Ephestia kuehniella  show antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The  in vitro  probiotic characterization of one isolate revealed a high auto-aggregation score, a hydrophilic cell surface, tolerance for low pH, no hemolytic activity, and susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. We used the red flour beetle  Tribolium castaneum , an established model organism, for the  in vivo  characterization of one probiotic  E. mundtii  isolate from  E. kuehniella  larvae.  Tribolium castaneum  larvae were fed orally with the probiotic isolate or the corresponding supernatant and then infected with either the entomopathogen  Bacillus thuringiensis  or  Pseudomonas entomophila . Larvae exposed to the isolate or the supernatant showed increased survival following infection with  B. thuringiensis  but not  P. entomophila . Heat treatment or treatment with proteinase K reduced the probiotic effect of the supernatant. However, the increased resistance attracts a fitness penalty manifested as a shorter lifespan and reduced fertility.  T. castaneum  has, pending on further research, the potential as an alternative model for the pre-screening of probiotics.

Probiotic Enterococcus mundtii Isolate Protects the Model Insect Tribolium castaneum against Bacillus thuringiensis