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The soil-borne fungus  Verticillium  causes serious vascular disease in a wide variety of annual crops and woody perennials. Verticillium wilt is notoriously difficult to control by conventional methods, so there is great potential for biocontrol to manage this disease. In this study we aimed to review the research about  Verticillium  biocontrol to get a better understanding of characteristics that are desirable in a biocontrol agent (BCA) against Verticillium wilt. We only considered studies in which the BCAs were tested on plants. Most biocontrol studies were focused on plants of the  Solanaceae, Malvaceae , and  Brassicaceae  and within these families eggplant, cotton, and oilseed rape were the most studied crops. The list of bacterial BCAs with potential against  Verticillium  was dominated by endophytic  Bacillus  and  Pseudomonas  isolates, while non-pathogenic xylem-colonizing  Verticillium  and  Fusarium  isolates topped the fungal list. Predominant modes of action involved in biocontrol were inhibition of primary inoculum germination, plant growth promotion, competition and induced resistance. Many BCAs showed  in vitro  antibiosis and mycoparasitism but these traits were not correlated with activity  in vivo  and there is no evidence that they play a role  in planta . Good BCAs were obtained from soils suppressive to Verticillium wilt, disease suppressive composts, and healthy plants in infested fields. Desirable characteristics in a BCA against  Verticillium  are the ability to (1) affect the survival or germination of microsclerotia, (2) colonize the xylem and/or cortex and compete with the pathogen for nutrients and/or space, (3) induce resistance responses in the plant and/or (4) promote plant growth. Potential BCAs should be screened in conditions that resemble the field situation to increase the chance of successful use in practice. Furthermore, issues such as large scale production, formulation, preservation conditions, shelf life, and application methods should be considered early in the process of selecting BCAs against  Verticillium .

Desirable Traits of a Good Biocontrol Agent against Verticillium Wilt