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Previous studies reported that the use of  Metschnikowia pulcherrima  in sequential culture fermentation with  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  mainly induced a reduction of volatile acidity in wine. The impact of the presence of this yeast on the metabolic pathway involved in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) bypass and glycerol production in  S. cerevisiae  has never been investigated. In this work, we compared acetic acid and glycerol production kinetics between pure  S. cerevisiae  culture and its sequential culture with  M. pulcherrima  during alcoholic fermentation. In parallel, the expression levels of the principal genes involved in PDH bypass and glyceropyruvic fermentation in  S. cerevisiae  were investigated. A sequential culture of  M. pulcherrima / S. cerevisiae  at an inoculation ratio of 10:1 produced 40% less acetic acid than pure  S. cerevisiae  culture and led to the enhancement of glycerol content (12% higher). High expression levels of pyruvate decarboxylase  PDC1  and  PDC5 , acetaldehyde dehydrogenase  ALD6 , alcohol dehydrogenase  ADH1  and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase  PDC1  genes during the first 3 days of fermentation in sequential culture conditions are highlighted. Despite the complexity of correlating gene expression levels to acetic acid formation kinetics, we demonstrate that the acetic acid production pathway is altered by sequential culture conditions. Moreover, we show for the first time that the entire acetic acid and glycerol metabolic pathway can be modulated in  S. cerevisiae  by the presence of  M. pulcherrima  at the beginning of fermentation.

Metschnikowia pulcherrima Influences the Expression of Genes Involved in PDH Bypass and Glyceropyruvic Fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae