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The current study aimed to analyze the prevalence and characterization of  Salmonella  enterica isolated from animals in slaughterhouses before slaughter. A total of 143 non-duplicate  Salmonella  were recovered from 1,000 fresh fecal swabs collected from four major pig slaughterhouses (49/600, 8.2%) and four major chicken slaughterhouses (94/400, 23.5%) between March and July 2016. Among  Salmonella  isolates from pigs, the predominant serovars were  Salmonella  Rissen (28/49, 57.1%) and Typhimurium (14/49, 28.6%), and high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for tetracycline (44/49, 89.8%) and ampicillin (16/49, 32.7%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 10.2% (5/49) of these isolates and all contained gene cassettes  aadA2  (0.65 kb). Two β-lactamase genes were detected among these isolates, and most of these isolates carried  bla  TEM-1  (46/49), followed by  bla  OXA-1 (4/49). Seven STs (MLST/ST, multilocus sequence typing) were detected in these isolates, and the predominant type was ST469 (19.6%). Among  Salmonella  isolates from chickens, the predominant serovars were  Salmonella  Indiana (67/94, 71.3%) and Enteritidis (23/94, 24.5%), and high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for nalidixic acid (89/94, 94.7%), ampicillin (88/94, 93.6%) and tetracycline (81/94, 86.2%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 23 isolates (23/94, 24.5%), which contained empty integrons (0.15 kb,  n  = 6) or gene cassettes  drfA17-aadA5  (1.7 kb,  n  = 6),  aadA2  (1.2 kb,  n  = 5),  drfA16-bla  PSE-1  -aadA2-ereA2  (1.6 kb,  n  = 5) or  drfA1-aadA1  (1.4 kb,  n  = 1). Three β-lactamase genes were detected, and all 94 isolates carried  bla  TEM-1 , followed by  bla  CTX- M -55  ( n  = 19) and  bla  SPE−1  ( n  = 3). Five STs were found in these isolates, and the predominant type was ST17 (71.3%). Our findings indicated that  Salmonella  was widespread in animals at slaughter and may be transmitted from animal to fork.

frontiers in microbiology

Serotype Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Class 1 Integrons Profiles of Salmonella from Animals in Slaughterhouses in Shandong Province, China