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Chaperonin GroEL (Cpn60) requires cofactor GroES (Cpn10) for protein refolding in bacteria that possess single  groEL  and  groES  genes in a bicistronic  groESL  operon. Among 4,861 completely-sequenced prokaryotic genomes, 884 possess duplicate  groEL  genes and 770 possess  groEL  genes with no neighboring  groES . It is unclear whether stand-alone  groEL  requires  groES  in order to function and, if required, how duplicate  groEL  genes and unequal  groES  genes balance their expressions. In  Myxococcus xanthus  DK1622, we determined that, while duplicate  groEL s were alternatively deletable, the single  groES  that clusters with  groEL1  was essential for cell survival. Either GroEL1 or GroEL2 required interactions with GroES for  in vitro  and  in vivo  functions. Deletion of  groEL1  or  groEL2  resulted in decreased expressions of both  groEL  and  groES ; and ectopic complementation of  groEL  recovered not only the  groEL  but also  groES  expressions. The addition of an extra  groES  gene upstream  groEL2  to form a bicistronic operon had almost no influence on  groES  expression and the cell survival rate, whereas over-expression of  groES  using a self-replicating plasmid simultaneously increased the  groEL  expressions. The results indicated that  M. xanthus  DK1622 cells coordinate expressions of the duplicate  groEL  and single  groES  genes for synergistic functions of GroELs and GroES. We proposed a potential regulation mechanism for the expression coordination.

Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 Coordinates Expressions of the Duplicate groEL and Single groES Genes for Synergistic Functions of GroELs and GroES