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Campylobacter jejuni  is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in humans characterized by fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. In the human gut,  Campylobacter  adheres and invades the intestinal epithelium followed by cytolethal distending toxin mediated cell death, and enteritis. Reducing the attachment and invasion of  Campylobacter  to intestinal epithelium and expression of its virulence factors such as motility and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) production could potentially reduce infection in humans. This study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs, concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of three GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status phytochemicals namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC; 0.005, 0.01%), carvacrol (CR; 0.001, 0.002%), and eugenol (EG; 0.005, 0.01%) in reducing the attachment, invasion, and translocation of  C. jejuni  on human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Additionally, the effect of these phytochemicals on  Campylobacter  motility and CDT production was studied using standard bioassays and gene expression analysis. All experiments had duplicate samples and were replicated three times on three strains (wild type S-8, NCTC 11168, 81–176) of  C. jejuni . Data were analyzed using ANOVA with GraphPad ver. 6. Differences between the means were considered significantly different at  P  < 0.05. The majority of phytochemical treatments reduced  C. jejuni  adhesion, invasion, and translocation of Caco-2 cells ( P  < 0.05). In addition, the phytochemicals reduced pathogen motility and production of CDT in S-8 and NCTC 11168 ( P  < 0.05). Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that phytochemicals reduced the transcription of select  C. jejuni  genes critical for infection in humans ( P  < 0.05). Results suggest that TC, CR, and EG could potentially be used to control  C. jejuni  infection in humans.

Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and Eugenol Reduce Campylobacter jejuni Colonization Factors and Expression of Virulence Genes in Vitro