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Clostridium sporogenes  PA 3679 is a non-toxic endospore former that is widely used as a surrogate for  Clostridium botulinum  by the food processing industry to validate thermal processing strategies. PA 3679 produces spores of exceptionally high heat resistance without botulinum neurotoxins, permitting the use of PA 3679 in inoculated pack studies while ensuring the safety of food processing facilities. To identify genes associated with this heat resistance, the genomes of  C. sporogenes  PA 3679 isolates were compared to several other  C. sporogenes  strains. The most significant difference was the acquisition of a second  spoVA  operon,  spoVA2 , which is responsible for transport of dipicolinic acid into the spore core during sporulation. Interestingly,  spoVA2  was also found in some  C. botulinum  species which phylogenetically cluster with PA 3679. Most other  C. sporogenes  strains examined both lack the  spoVA2  locus and are phylogenetically distant within the group I  Clostridium , adding to the understanding that  C. sporogenes  are dispersed  C. botulinum  strains which lack toxin genes.  C. sporogenes  strains are thus a very eclectic group, and few strains possess the characteristic heat resistance of PA 3679.

Genetic Characterization of the Exceptionally High Heat Resistance of the Non-toxic Surrogate Clostridium sporogenes PA 3679