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The family Isosphaeraceae accommodates stalk-free planctomycetes with spherical cells, which can be assembled in short chains, long filaments, or aggregates. These bacteria inhabit a wide variety of terrestrial environments, among those the recently described  Paludisphaera borealis  PX4 T  that was isolated from acidic boreal wetlands. Here, we analyzed its finished genome in comparison to those of three other members of the Isosphaeraceae:  Isosphaera pallida  IS1B T ,  Singulisphaera acidiphila  DSM 18658 T , and the uncharacterized planctomycete strain SH-PL62. The complete genome of  P. borealis  PX4 T  consists of a 7.5 Mb chromosome and two plasmids, 112 and 43 kb in size. Annotation of the genome sequence revealed 5802 potential protein-coding genes of which 2775 could be functionally assigned. The genes encoding metabolic pathways common for chemo-organotrophic bacteria, such as glycolysis, citrate cycle, pentose-phosphate pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation were identified. Several genes involved in the synthesis of peptidoglycan as well as  N -methylated ornithine lipids were present in the genome of  P. borealis  PX4 T . A total of 26 giant genes with a size >5 kb were detected. The genome encodes a wide repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) including 44 glycoside hydrolases (GH) and 83 glycosyltransferases (GT) affiliated with 21 and 13 CAZy families, respectively. The most-represented families are GH5, GH13, GH57, GT2, GT4, and GT83. The experimentally determined carbohydrate utilization pattern agrees well with the genome-predicted capabilities. The CAZyme repertoire in  P. borealis  PX4 T  is highly similar to that in the uncharacterized planctomycete SH-PL62 and  S. acidiphila  DSM 18658 T , but different to that in the thermophile  I. pallida  IS1B T . The latter strain has a strongly reduced CAZyme content. In  P. borealis  PX4 T , many of its CAZyme genes are organized in clusters. Contrary to most other members of the order Planctomycetales, all four analyzed Isosphaeraceae planctomycetes have plasmids in numbers varying from one to four. The plasmids from  P. borealis  PX4 T  display synteny to plasmids from other family members, providing evidence for their common evolutionary origin.

frontiers in microbiology

Comparative Genomics of Four Isosphaeraceae Planctomycetes: A Common Pool of Plasmids and Glycoside Hydrolase Genes Shared by Paludisphaera borealis PX4T, Isosphaera pallida IS1BT, Singulisphaera acidiphila DSM 18658T, and Strain SH-PL62