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To gain some insights into the molecular evolution of  Moraxella catarrhalis  macrolide resistance, PCR and sequencing analysis of the 23S rRNA gene,  copB  typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed on 181  M. catarrhalis  isolates. The isolates were obtained from children ( n  = 47) and adults ( n  = 134) presenting with respiratory disease in the years 2010–2014. Macrolide resistance was highly age-related, and nucleotide position alterations at A2330T could be detected in all macrolide-resistant isolates.  copB  0 and  copB  NT (non-typable) were only found in macrolide-susceptible isolates from adults. Furthermore,  copB  I/III was the main type in adult or macrolide-susceptible isolates, while  copB  II was the most common type in children or macrolide-resistant isolates. Twenty-two different MLST clusters (sharing 7 of the 8 identical loci) were detected and only four likely primary founders (ST224, ST363, STN08, and STN10) which belong to clonal complex (CC) 224, CC363, CCN08, and CCN10, were detected, respectively. Macrolide-resistant  M. catarrhalis  isolates were highly concentrated in two CCs (CCN10 and CC363), which indicates some potential evolutionary advantage or co-evolution to some extent. However, further studies are needed to fully elucidate the evolution of CCN10 and CC363 in macrolide resistance.

Moraxella catarrhalis Macrolide-Resistant Isolates Are Highly Concentrated in Two MLST Clonal Complexes -CCN10 and CC363