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Although the presence of endosymbiotic rickettsial bacteria, specifically  Candidatus  Megaira, has been reported in diverse habitats and a wide range of eukaryotic hosts, it remains unclear how broadly  Ca.  Megaira are distributed in a single host species. In this study we seek to address whether  Ca.  Megaira are present in most, if not all isolates, of the parasitic ciliate  Ichthyophthirius multifiliis . Conserved regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were either PCR amplified, or assembled from deep sequencing data, from 18 isolates/populations of  I. multifiliis  sampled worldwide (Brazil, Taiwan, and USA). We found that rickettsial rRNA sequences belonging to three out of four  Ca.  Megaira subclades could be consistently detected in all  I. multifiliis  samples.  I. multifiliis  collected from local fish farms tend to be inhabited by the same subclade of  Ca.  Megaira, whereas those derived from pet fish are often inhabited by more than one subclade of  Ca.  Megaira. Distributions of  Ca.  Megaira in  I. multifiliis  thus better reflect the travel history, but not the phylogeny, of  I. multifiliis . In summary, our results suggest that  I. multifiliis  may be dependent on this endosymbiotic relationship, and the association between  Ca.  Megaira and  I. multifiliis  is more diverse than previously thought.

Diversity and Universality of Endosymbiotic Rickettsia in the Fish Parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis