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Fucosyllactoses (2′- or 3′-FL) account for up to 20% of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Infant bifidobacteria, such as  Bifidobacterium longum  subsp.  infantis , utilize the lactose moiety to form lactate and acetate, and metabolize L-fucose to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD).  Eubacterium hallii  is a common member of the adult gut microbiota that can produce butyrate from lactate and acetate, and convert 1,2-PD to propionate. Recently, a Swiss cohort study identified  E. hallii  as one of the first butyrate producers in the infant gut. However, the global prevalence of  E. hallii  and its role in utilization of HMO degradation intermediates remains unexplored. Fecal 16S rRNA gene libraries ( n  = 857) of humans of all age groups from Venezuela, Malawi, Switzerland, and the USA were screened for the occurrence of  E. hallii . Single and co-culture experiments of  B. longum  subsp.  infantis  and  E. hallii  were conducted in modified YCFA containing acetate and glucose, L-fucose, or FL.  Bifidobacterium  spp. ( n  = 56) of different origin were screened for the ability to metabolize L-fucose. Relative abundance of  E. hallii  was low (10 −5 –10 −3 %) during the first months but increased and reached adult levels (0.01–10%) at 5–10 years of age in all four populations. In single culture,  B. longum  subsp.  infantis  grew in the presence of all three carbohydrates while  E. hallii  was metabolically active only with glucose. In co-culture  E. hallii  also grew with L-fucose or FL. In co-cultures grown with glucose, acetate, and glucose were consumed and nearly equimolar proportions of formate and butyrate were formed.  B. longum  subsp.  infantis  used L-fucose and produced 1,2-PD, acetate and formate in a ratio of 1:1:1, while 1,2-PD was used by  E. hallii  to form propionate.  E. hallii  consumed acetate, lactate and 1,2-PD released by  B. longum  subsp.  infantis  from FL, and produced butyrate, propionate, and formate. Beside  B. longum  subsp.  infantis, Bifidobacterium breve , and a strain of  B. longum  subsp.  suis  were able to utilize L-fucose. This study identified a trophic interaction of infant  bifidobacteria  and  E. hallii  during L-fucose degradation, and pointed at  E. hallii  as a metabolically versatile species that occurs in infants and utilizes intermediates of bifidobacterial HMO fermentation.

Trophic Interactions of Infant Bifidobacteria and Eubacterium hallii during L-Fucose and Fucosyllactose Degradation