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A novel Gram negative rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain MSh1 T , was isolated from Southeast Pahang tropical peat swamp forest soil in Malaysia and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10.0%) were C 16:0  (31.7%), C 17:0  cyclo (26.6%), and C 19:0  cyclo ω8c (16.1%). The polar lipids detected were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-8. This revealed that strain MSh1 T  belongs to the genus  Burkholderia . The type strain MSh1 T  can be differentiated from other  Burkholderia cepacia  complex (Bcc) species by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), average nucleotide identity (ANI) and biochemical tests. DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain MSh1 T  and closely related type strains were below the 70% threshold value. Based on this polyphasic study of MSh1 T , it can be concluded that this strain represents a novel species within the Bcc, for which the name  Burkholderia paludis  sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MSh1 T  (= DSM 100703 T  = MCCC 1K01245 T ). The dichloromethane extract of MSh1 T  exhibited antimicrobial activity against four Gram positive bacteria ( Enterococcus faecalis  ATCC 29212,  E. faecalis  ATCC 700802,  Staphylococcus aureus  ATCC 29213,  S. aureus  ATCC 700699) and a Gram negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli  ATCC 25922). Further purification work has led to the isolation of Compound 1, pyochelin. Pyochelin demonstrated antimicrobial activity against four  S. aureus  strains and three  E .  faecalis  strains with MIC-values of 3.13 μg/ml and 6.26 μg/ml, respectively. SEM analysis showed that the cellular morphology of  E. faecalis  ATCC 700802 was not affected by pyochelin; suggesting that it might target the intracellular components. Pyochelin, a siderophore with antimicrobial activity might be useful in treating bacterial infections caused by  S. aureus  and  E. faecalis , however further work has to be done.

frontiers in microbiology

Burkholderia paludis sp. nov., an Antibiotic-Siderophore Producing Novel Burkholderia cepacia Complex Species, Isolated from Malaysian Tropical Peat Swamp Soil